Jämställdhetsarbete väcker ofta motstånd, det har de flesta som arbetar med jämställdhet erfarenhet av. Men vilka strategier kan förändringsaktörer använda för att bemöta motstånd och komma vidare i jämställdhetsarbetet, är frågan som utforskas i denna bok.

Jämställdhetsarbete berör ofta angelägna frågor där det kan finnas motstridiga intressen, till exempel kring fördelning av resurser, inflytande och ansvar. Inte sällan uppstår starka känslor hos människor. En del visar öppet sin oro. Andra praktiserar förnekelse på olika sätt. Vissa blir aggressiva. Många protesterar i tysthet. Denna ovilja mot förändring brukar formuleras i termer av motstånd och kan alltså komma till uttryck på många sätt.

I boken ges ett perspektiv på makt och motstånd som syftar till att bidra till upplevelser av ett större handlingsutrymme för att möta motstånd mot jämställdhetsarbete. Ingången består av material som har skapats i ett forskningsprojekt där jämställdhetsarbetare, medarbetare och chefer, från myndigheter och kommuner har utforskat motstånd och strategier tillsammans med genusforskare. Materialet ger en inblick i vad det kan innebära att arbeta med jämställdhet, vad en förändringsaktör möter och förväntas hantera i jämställdhetsarbetet. Ett bidrag i boken är en rad av idéer på handlingsalternativ för att möta motstånd, som mejslats fram i olika former i projektet. Bokens bidrag handlar också om att förvalta de kunskaper som skapats gemensamt och hur teori kan hjälpa oss att fördjupa, förstå och agera.

Boken är skriven av fyra genusforskare vid Karlstads universitet respektive Göteborgs universitet och riktar sig till alla som är intresserade av jämställdhet, förändring och utbildning i organisationer och verksamheter.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine how gendered discursive norms and notions of masculinity and femininity were (re)produced in professional conversations about users of long-term municipality psychiatric care. Focus is on the staff's use of language in relation to gender constructions.

BACKGROUND: Psychiatric care in Sweden has undergone tremendous changes in recent decades from custodian care in large hospitals to a care mainly located in a municipal context. People who need psychiatric care services often live in supporting houses. In municipal psychiatric care, staff conduct weekly professional meetings to discuss daily matters and the users' needs. Official reports of the Swedish government have shown that staff in municipal care services treat disabled women and men differently. Studies exploring gender in relation to users of long-term psychiatric care in municipalities have problematised the care and how staff, through language, construct users' gender. Therefore, language used by staff is a central tool for ascribing different gender identities of users.

DESIGN: The content of speech derived from audio recordings were analysed using Foucauldian discursive analysis. The COREQ checklist was used in this article.

RESULTS: The results indicate that by relying on gender discourses, staff create a conditional care related to how the users should demonstrate good conduct. In line with that, an overall discourse was created: Disciplined into good conduct. It was underpinned by three discourses inherent therein: The unreliable drinker and the confession, Threatened dignity, Doing different femininities.

CONCLUSION: The community psychiatric context generates a discourse of conduct in which staff, via spoken language (re)produces gendered patterns and power imbalances as a means to manage daily work routines. Such practices of care, in which constant, nearly panoptic, control despite the intention to promote autonomy, urgently require problematising current definitions of good conduct and normality.

Fatherhood ideals have been changing over the last decades, and Sweden has often been seen as a fore-runner when it comes to both fatherhood policies and gender equality. In this article, we investigate how discourses about engaged, Swedish fathers and various formulations of gender equality are linked to and used in the discursive production of Sweden as a nation. We use three communication campaigns launched by the Swedish Institute (a governmental organization with the task of marketing Sweden), issued between 1968 and 2015. All campaigns emphasize modernity, rationality and self-development, but the earliest represents women and men while the latter campaigns focus exclusively on fathers, giving Swedish gender equality a conflict-free, already achieved quality. While the campaigns challenge established gendered patterns, they also avoid fundamental questions of power and contribute to rendering invisible a significant gap between gender equality in theory and in practice in Swedish society.

Bakgrund: Vården idag präglas av ett heteronormativt och heterosexistiskt förhållningssätt. Historiskt har kvinnlig sexualitet ofta varit tabubelagt, och många inom vården upplever svårigheter med att bemöta patienter med en annan läggning än den heterosexuella.

Syfte: Syftet är att beskriva homosexuella och bisexuella kvinnors upplevelse av

mötet med vården.

Metod: En litteraturöversikt där tio artiklar rörande ämnet homo- och bisexuella kvinnor och kommunikation i en vårdkontext valts ut och analyserats enligt Fribergs (2010) metod för litteraturstudie. Den teoretiska referensramen för arbetet är Travelbees teori om mellanmänskliga relationer.

Resultat: Fem faktorer som påverkar homo- och bisexuella kvinnors upplevelse av mötet med vården fanns:  Vårdpersonalens förhållningssätt, Vårdpersonalens attityder, Vårdpersonalens utbildning och kunskapsnivå, Faktorer av betydelse för hbt-personens beslut att komma ut och Faktorer som inverkar på kommunikationen.

Diskussion: I dagsläget kommer nyutexaminerad vårdpersonal ut med bristfällig kunskap i frågor som rör hbt-personer. En större vikt skulle behöva läggas vid utbildning och fortbildning och det är viktigt att stävja negativa attityder som annars tenderar att spridas från generation till generation. Vidare ingår det i sjuksköterskans kompetensområde att kritiskt granska sig själv och arbeta utifrån ett etiskt förhållningssätt; en nödvändighet för att se hela människan.

Nyckelord: Bisexuell, hbt, homosexuell, kommunikation, lesbisk, patient, sjuksköterska,   vårdrelation

This article discusses the status of the concept of hegemonic masculinity in research on men and boys in Sweden, and how it has been used and developed. Sweden has a relatively long history of public debate, research, and policy intervention in gender issues and gender equality. This has meant, in sheer quantitative terms, a relatively sizeable corpus of work on men, masculinities, and gender relations. There is also a rather wide diversity of approaches, theoretically and empirically, to the analysis of men and masculinities. The Swedish national context and gender equality project is outlined. This is followed by discussion of three broad phases in studies on men and masculinities in Sweden: the 1960s and 1970s before the formulation of the concept of hegemonic masculinity; the 1980s and 1990s when the concept was important for a generation of researchers developing studies in more depth; and the 2000s with a younger generation committed to a variety of feminist and gender critiques other than those associated with hegemonic masculinity. The following sections focus specifically on how the concept of hegemonic masculinity has been used, adapted, and indeed not used, in particular areas of study: boys and young men in family and education; violence; and health. The article concludes with review of how hegemonic masculinity has been used in Swedish contexts, as: gender stereotype, often out of the context of legitimation of patriarchal relations; "Other" than dominant, white middle-class "Swedish," equated with outmoded, nonmodern, working-class, failing boy, or minority ethnic masculinities; a new masculinity concept and practice, incorporating some degree of gender equality; and reconceptualized and problematized as a modern, heteronormative, and subject-centered concept.

In this paper, we suggest a research agenda based on a review of literature exploring gender in nonprofit organizations (NPOs) published in key field-specific journals in nonprofit studies. The literature review shows that gender is often included as an unproblematized variable and that few studies focus on organizational processes that (re)produce gender inequalities and promote gender equality in NPOs. There is thus a need to expand our knowledge concerning gender in NPOs. The purpose of this paper is therefore to contribute to the development of empirical and theoretical work concerning organizational processes that (re)produce gender in NPOs. In order to inspire such endeavors, we outline a research agenda that proposes an understanding of gender informed by gender theory, an acknowledgement of NPOs as arenas where gender is (re)produced, and a development of theories on NPOs as gendered organizations.

Drawing on feminist theory and critique, this chapter explores how gender and gender inequalities are accounted for in mainstream scholarly writings on nonprofit leadership, and discusses the way this affects our understanding of leaders and leadership in nonprofit organizations (NPOs). By this we hope you will have an opportunity to expand your perspective of leadership and at the same time help you obtain a few tools for how to understand this particular topic not only in texts, but also in real life.

OBJECTIVES: To describe in-hospital cardiac arrest (CA) events with regard to sex and to investigate if sex is associated with survival.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies exploring differences between sexes are incongruent with regard to clinical outcomes. In order to provide equality and improve care, further investigations into these aspects are warranted.

METHODS: This registry study included 286 CAs. To investigate if sex was associated with survival, logistic regression analyses were performed.

RESULTS: The proportion of CA with a resuscitation attempt compared to CA without resuscitation was higher among men. There were no associations between sex and survival when controlling for previously known predictors and interaction effects.

CONCLUSIONS: Sex does not appear to be a predictor for survival among patients suffering CA where resuscitation is attempted. The difference regarding proportion of resuscitation attempts requires more attention. It is important to consider possible interaction effects when studying the sex perspective.

In this article, we explore Swedish men's relations to fatherhood in general and in particular to the new ideal of the caring and present father. We argue that the image of contemporary hegemonic masculinity is gradually changing. Reforms and informational strategies are used to enhance and create the "new father." In this article, we explore and analyze how four different groups of Swedish men-Christian men, psychotherapists, a male network, and immigrant men-relate to and discuss issues concerning new gender ideals, the modern father, and fathers as important caretakers. These issues are explored through four focus group interviews. The results from the study point toward the influences of factors such as age, social background, and religion. We also see that the ideology of gender equality has a strong general influence on men's ways of relating to and phrasing these issues. © 2008 Sage Publications.

This article explores the way different groups of Swedish men experience and relate to issues concerning fatherhood, paternity leave and gender equality – how they together construct fatherhood in the field of tension between normative societal visions and their own lived reality. The study included four groups of men: men working in a centre for men in crisis, men involved in a network organization for masculinity issues, men in an association promoting security and social justice in a multiethnic suburb (a majority of the men had immigrant background) and men involved in a Christian church.Conceptions of fatherhood and gender equality were explored through focus group interviews. As starting point for the interviews the groups were confronted with materials from the last 30 years of state initiated paternity leave campaigns. The result confirms conclusions made in previous research, namely that Swedish men in general have a positive attitude to active parenthood. With few exceptions the groups expressed a child orientation and a positive approach to gender equality and shared parental responsibilities. Despite common ground on the importance of fathers taking active part in child care, the four groups displayed differences in the way they conceptualized the question. They related to different experiences and often used different ways of expressing thought, emotions and observations. The result points toward the influence of factors such as age, social and professional position, ethnic background and religion. The group of men working at the crisis centre primarily used individual rather than societal perspectives. Their main concern was the impact of the campaigns on men’s psychological well-being. The group of men from the Christian church placed the question of fatherhood in the context of preserving and promoting the family. In the group dominated by men with immigrant background, the fatherhood question was mainly framed through references to the economic hard-ship and social exclusion distinguishing many multi-ethnical Swedish suburbs.

Varför har det varit så svårt att enas om en politik som markerar mannens individuella ansvar som förälder? Roger Klinths genomgång av kvoteringsdebatten från 1960-talet till 1995 visar att det politiska tänkandet inte har lyckats rymma radikala krav på jämställdhet.

This article explores how men's identity, capacity and responsibility as parents were understood and communicated in Swedish, government initiated, paternity leave campaigns, 1976-2006. Images of the "new father" are analyzed in relation to Swedish equal status policy, emphasizing men's and women's mutual responsibility for child care as well as economic provision. The result indicates that paternity leave campaigns represented something progressive and historically unique. Frequent depictions of men performing and talking about care work challenged traditional notions of men and masculinity. However, the campaigns also reproduced notions of gender relations that undercut, rather than supported, a radical vision of gender equality. In the period 1976-2001, men were positioned as secondary rather than primary parents. The early 2000s, however, saw a shift in the way fatherhood was represented in the campaigns. In contrast to earlier campaigns, men and women were given the same responsibility for parental leave--"Half each!"

Jubileer av olika slag bidrar till att rikta uppmärksamheten bakåt, mot ursprunget, mot historien. Hur såg startpunkten ut och vilka vägar har lett fram till den punkt vi nu befinner oss vid? Att lära känna sin historia, både som individ och organisation, är viktigt. Det stärker identiteten och ger endjupare förståelse för nuet. I fallet Forum för genusvetenskap och jämställdhet erbjuder också historieskrivningen en intressant resa genom de senaste decenniernas utveckling vad gäller genusforskning och jämställdhetsarbete. Historien om Forum synliggör den i många fall snabba och omvälvande utveckling som dessa områden genomgått – både vad gäller begrepp, metoder och kunskapsintressen. Det fokus på kvinnoforskning– forskning om kvinnor och av kvinnor – som präglade den första tiden under 1980-talet har idag ersatts av en mer mångfacetterad begreppsflora. Nya perspektiv och kunskapsintressen har vuxit fram. Begrepp som kritisk manlighetsforskning, intersektionalitet, queerperspektiv etcetera markerar nya sätt att förstå och beforska könsrelationer.

“I’ve read that women in Sweden find a man pushing the pram sexier than anything else”. Så startar inslaget i australiensiska 60 Minutes om svensk pappaledighet (60 Minutes: 2017) Inslaget sändes i samband med att fotoutställningen Swedish Dads visades i Sydney. Bakom utställningen stod Svenska institutet tillsammans med svenska ambassaden i Australien. Visningen i Sydney var endast ett av stoppen på utställningens långa världsturné. Under 2016 och 2017 visades Swedish Dads i sammanlagt 40 länder (Svenska institutet 1: 2017).

Fotoutställningen utgjorde en del av Svenska institutets informationsinsatser till utlandet om Sverige och svenska förhållanden. Svenska institutet är en statlig myndighet och har som mål att via ”strategisk kommunikation /…/ öka omvärldens förtroende och intresse för Sverige” och stärka ”Sveriges attraktionskraft” (Svenska institutet 2: 2017). Svenska institutets arbete kan beskrivas som en form av varumärkesbyggande (Klinth: 2012). Eller som institutet själva uttrycker saken: ”Vi levandegör berättelsen om dagens Sverige.” (Svenska institutet 2: 2017)

Både under sin livstid och efter sin brutala död en sen februarikväll 1986 har Olof Palme väckt starka känslor. Få svenska politiker har haft så många beundrare – och belackare. 1969 efterträdde han Tage Erlander som partiordförande för Socialdemokratiska arbetarpartiet. Samma år tog han också över jobbet som Sveriges statsminister. Det är i första hand engagemanget för tredje världen och ställningstagandet mot USA:s krig i Vietnam som brukar lyftas fram när den historiska bilden av Palme tecknas. För en bred allmänhet är förmodligen hans engagemang i jämställdhetspolitiska frågor mer okänt. Det är dock den jämställdhetspolitiske agitatorn Olof Palme vi möter i hans linjetal från socialdemokratiska partikongressen 1972.

I mitten av 1970-talet fram­trädde brottaren Hoa-Hoa Dahlgren på reklampelare landet runt, iklädd blågul t-tröja och med ett naket spädbarn på armen. Bilden ingick i Försäkringskassans kampanj för att övertyga fäder att bli mer ­aktiva och när­varande i familjelivet. Sedan dess har det producerats mängder av liknande kampanjer, riktade till män och fäder och med syftet att skapa moderna, jämställda och barn­orienterade män. Den här boken är både en historisk studie av fyrtio års jämställdhets­arbete för att göra pappa med barn och en studie av dagens fäder och föräldraskap. Hur resonerar män som väljer att stanna hemma och ta ut lång föräldra­ledighet? Det moderna faderskapet visar sig vara en komplex historia.

The younger generation is often expected to be part of changes in management gender distribution, concepts of leadership and gender power relations. Parallel with this, there are ongoing gender segregation processes within the organisations resulting in the dominance of men among managers. The aim of this thesis is to describe and understand the transition from staff to management, and in particular how gender is done in this process. The perspective on organisation and gender adopted is social constructionist. Thestudy was carried out in a large Swedish banking company between 2000 and 2005. Analysis was drawn up in order to successively answer four research questions: 1) in what way is the management sourcing process designed and how are candidates for management evaluated?, 2) how do management candidates look upon their career opportunities?, 3) how is gender done in the sourcing of new managers?, and 4) how is gender done in the careers of future managers? The empirical material consists of observations of a management development programme for potential managers, statements on management sourcing and careers, and document material. The statements come from interviews with 11 staff members, six women and five men, identified as potential managers, as well as seven people working with HR at the bank. The 11 management candidates were interviewed three times during a two-year period.

The thesis develops knowledge on how gender and management are done in situations characterised by a balanced gender distribution and simultaneous male dominance. The management development programme serves as a hub for those working with sourcing new managers through its importance in identifying, developing and evaluating candidates for management. The evaluation of women and men among management candidates shows that potential is linked to women and men in different ways and that women and men are evaluated on the basis of different expectations on them as managers. Career is almost exclusively conceived as linear hierarchical movements. Nevertheless, the hierarchical view of career is confirmed almost entirely in the way men orient themselves. The career themes of the men express expectations on having a career. The experiences of the women are diverse. But even among those who have experienced encouragement to develop, this is not reflected in expectations on the future. Instead, the hope expressed is one of being allowed to continue a career. The different empowerment of the women and men express the gender power relations in the organisation and the norm of men as managers, which both men and women relate to.

Two aspects are involved in the doing of gender in management sourcing and careers: construction of gender and gender ordering. Firstly, gender is constructed and ordered in the sourcing of new managers through the gendering of potential, resulting in different opportunities for women and men in organisations. Secondly, gender is constructed and ordered in careers, where careers may be understood as gendered, i.e. where expectations are created in men and hopes in women. The result is different empowerment in women and men. And thirdly, the results point to a complexity in relation to change. Gender equality initiatives and radical practices in combination with individualism and gender neutrality both put gender hierarchy into question and preserve it. Management sourcing involves several practices where the doing of gender is integrated in different ways, both conscious through gender equality initiatives, and sub-conscious through individualised and gender-neutral ideology. Thus, change requires greater consciousness and new practice.

The aim of this article is to describe and discuss the relationship between power, resistance and strategies in gender equality and diversity work. We do this with the support of experiences from change agents and with the support of the common knowledge and analytical processes the researchers and change agents have developed together in the research project. The article is based on a study of 47 civil servants (28 women and 19 men), who participated as employees engaged in gender equality and diversity work within their organisations. The research team designed a series of workshops which enabled reflective conversations and made visible and portrayed situations of resistance in order to elucidate and elaborate strategies addressing resistance. The research team and participants developed a model to sort and analyse resistance and its relation to various change strategies. Three power technologies are deployed for the analysis: repressive, pastoral and regulatory. The model works as a means to place the strategies in relation to change and power. Firstly, the model helps clarifying the ability of the change agents to switch between strategies in addressing resistance. Here, the model contributes to conceptualising knowledge and abilities that the narratives of the change agents express but which they had not thought of, formulated or taken for granted. Finally, we believe that the study provides support to oppose the assumption that their striving may serve no purpose, which both our participants and previous research express. What we highlight is the change agents’ dual positions, in maintaining relations of power in an effort to change them.

Neither gender studies nor disability research/disability studies have explored gender to a great extent, especially in relation to disabled men or disabled women. In this article we reflect upon the issue of gender in relation to experiences of mental distress by drawing explicitly on some powerful narratives. Those narratives are argued to show the gendered character of disability and resistance; and display that the social forces and processes that construct and give shape to disability and gender are closely intermeshed. We argue that the gendered character of disablism and resistance should be further studies in the light of the new theoretical development that has been created, because gender matters.

In this paper we contribute to the debate on gender in evaluation decisions and the male norm in management by examining how the skills and experience of women and men are described and interpreted in the evaluation of candidates' potential for future positions in a Swedish bank and a Dutch professional services firm. By drawing on Martin's concept of practicing gender, we show how strengths and weaknesses are discursively constructed in real time and space. We identify four different and subtle patterns of practicing gender in the evaluation of men and women in which men's strengths are inflated and their weaknesses downplayed, while women's strengths are downplayed and weaknesses inflated. Although women are included in the process and seen as competent, their potential is - in general limited to lower managerial levels. Moreover, we examine the entanglement of gender and age. We discuss how these patterns of practicing gender can help us understand how gender and other inequalities are reproduced in seemingly gender egalitarian contexts where women and men are considered for higher positions.