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  • 1.
    Ahlqvist, Margary
    et al.
    Karolinska universitetssjukhuset.
    Bogren, Agneta
    Karolinska universitetssjukhuset.
    Hagman, Sari
    Karolinska universitetssjukhuset.
    Nazar, Isabel
    Karolinska universitetssjukhuset.
    Nilsson, Katarina
    Karolinska universitetssjukhuset.
    Nordin, Karin
    Karolinska universitetssjukhuset.
    Valfridsson, Berit Sunde
    Karolinska universitetssjukhuset.
    Söderlund, Mona
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Nordström, Gun
    Karlstads universitet.
    Handling of peripheral intravenous cannulae: effects of evidence-based clinical guidelines.2006In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 15, no 11, p. 1354-61Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: This study aimed at evaluating the outcome of implemented evidence-based clinical guidelines by means of surveying the frequency of thrombophlebitis, nurses' care, handling and documentation of peripheral intravenous cannulae. BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous cannulae are frequently used for vascular access and, thereby, the patients will be exposed to local and systemic infectious complications. Evidence-based knowledge of how to prevent these complications and how to care for patients with peripheral intravenous cannula is therefore of great importance. Deficient care, handling and documentation of peripheral intravenous cannulae have previously been reported. DESIGN: A cross-sectional survey was conducted by a group of nurses at three wards at a university hospital before and after the implementation of the evidence-based guidelines. METHOD: A structured observation protocol was used to review the frequency of thrombophlebitis, the nurses' care, handling and the documentation of peripheral intravenous cannulae in the patient's record. RESULTS: A total of 107 and 99 cannulae respectively were observed before and after the implementation of the guidelines. The frequency of peripheral intravenous cannulae without signs of thrombophlebitis increased by 21% (P < 0.01) and the use of cannula size 0.8 mm increased by 22% (P < 0.001). Nurses' documentation of peripheral intravenous cannula improved significantly (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: We conclude that implementation of the guidelines resulted in significant improvements by means of decreased frequency of signs of thrombophlebitis, increased application of smaller cannula size (0.8 mm), as well as of the nurses' documentation in the patient's record. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Further efforts to ameliorate care and handling of peripheral intravenous cannulae are needed. This can be done by means of increasing nurses' knowledge and recurrent quality reviews. Well-informed patients can also be more involved in the care than is common today.

  • 2.
    Alvariza, Anette
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, PRC. Capio Palliativ vård Dalen.
    Mjörnberg, Maria
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, PRC. Gröndals vårdcentral, Stockholm.
    Goliath, Ida
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, PRC. Karolinska institutet.
    Palliative care nurses' strategies when working in private homes: A photo-elicitation study2020In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 29, no 1-2, p. 139-151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore palliative care nurses' work experiences caring for patients at the end of life in private homes.

    BACKGROUND: The home continues to be a desired place for care and dying; however, professional competence is needed and specialist palliative care nurses play a crucial role, often highly valued by patients and their family members. The private home as a physical work environment for nurses is explored, with both positive and negative aspects being described. To ensure future high-quality end-of-life care, there is a need to describe how palliative care nurses work in private homes.

    DESIGN: Interpretative descriptive.

    METHODS: Participant-generated photographs were used in conjunction with follow-up interviews with ten palliative home care nurses. Interpretive description was used for analysis. This study follows the COREQ checklist.

    RESULTS: The analysis process resulted in four constructed themes, presented here as strategies used by palliative care nurses: adjusting interactions and actions depending on the environment when entering each unique private home; supporting patients and family members in finding a balance between self-care, independence and safe care; guiding patients and family members towards and through environmental changes supporting end-of-life care at home; and using transitions between homes to reflect, recuperate and prepare.

    CONCLUSION: Working as a palliative care nurse in private homes clearly requires a variety of skills and competences, here operationalised in different strategies used to promote high-quality care.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Palliative care nurses' considerations, insights and competence when performing end-of-life care in the diverse environments of private homes can contribute to the development of clinical practice. Knowledge about strategies can be used in nursing practice during everyday work, in nursing education and in the organisation of care, and can inform policy to ensure future high-quality palliative home care.

  • 3. Aléx, Lena
    et al.
    Hammarström, Anne
    Norberg, Astrid
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research. Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Lundman, Berit
    Construction of masculinities among men aged 85 and older in the north of Sweden.2008In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 17, no 4, p. 451-9Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: The aim was to analyse the construction of masculinities among men aged 85 and older. BACKGROUND: All societies have a gender order, constructed from multiple ideas of what is seen as feminine and masculine. As the group of men aged 85 and older is increasing in size and their demand for care will increase, we must recognize the importance of studying these men and various discourses of masculinities. DESIGN: Qualitative explorative. METHODS: Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse thematic narratives. Masculinity theories provided the point of departure for the analysis. RESULTS: The analysis coalesced into three masculinities. 'Being in the male centre', developed from subthemes as: taking pride in one's work and economic situation; being in the centre in relation to others; regarding women as sexual objects; and belonging to a select group. 'Striving to maintain the male facade' developed from subthemes as: emphasizing 'important' connections; having feelings of loss; striving to maintain old norms and rejecting the fact of being old. 'Being related' was formulated from subthemes as: feeling at home with domestic duties; being concerned; accepting one's own aging; and reflecting on life. CONCLUSIONS: Our study indicates the importance of being aware of the existence of multiple masculinities, in contrast to the generally unproblematic and unsubtle particular healthcare approaches which consider men as simply belonging to one masculinity. Relevance to clinical practice. Diverse masculinities probably affect encounters between men and healthcare providers and others who work with an older population and therefore our results are of importance in a caring context.

  • 4.
    Andershed, Birgitta
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research.
    Relatives in end-of-life care – part 1: a systematic review of the literature the five last years, January 1999–February 20042006In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 15, no 9, p. 1158-1169Article, review/survey (Refereed)
  • 5.
    Andershed, Birgitta
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, PRC. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Gjövik, Norway.
    Ewertzon, Mats
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Johansson, Anita
    Skaraborgs sjukhus.
    An isolated involvement in mental health care: Experiences of parents of young adults.2017In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 26, no 7-8, p. 1053-1065Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: The aim of this study was to explore parents' involvement in the informal and professional care of their young adult child with mental illness. A further aim was to examine concepts in the caring theory of "Involvement in the light - involvement in the dark" in the context of mental health care.

    BACKGROUND: Mental illness has increased among young people in high-income countries and suicide is now the leading cause of death for this group. Because of their disease, these young people may have difficulty in carrying out daily, taken-for-granted, tasks. Consequently, they often become dependent on their parents, and their parents shoulder a considerable responsibility.

    DESIGN AND METHODS: A secondary descriptive design with a deductive content analysis was used. Ten parents who have a son or daughter with long-term mental illness (aged 18 - 25) were interviewed. The deductive analysis was based on the caring theory of "Involvement in the light - Involvement in the dark".

    RESULTS: The results are described using the following concepts in the theory: "Knowing", "Doing", "Being" and "Attitude of the health professionals". The result are to a great extent consistent with the "Involvement in the dark" metaphor, which describes an isolated involvement in which the parents were not informed, seen or acknowledged by the health professionals. Continuous support by professionals with a positive attitude was described as being of decisive importance for meaningful involvement. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

  • 6.
    Andersson, Åsa
    et al.
    Karolinska institutet.
    Frank, Catharina
    Karolinska institutet.
    Willman, Ania Ml
    Malmö universitet.
    Sandman, Per-Olof
    Karolinska institutet.
    Hansebo, Görel
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Factors contributing to serious adverse events in nursing homes.2018In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 27, no 1-2, p. e354-e362Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To identify the most common serious adverse events that occurred in nursing homes and their most frequent contributing factors to the improvement of safe nursing care.

    BACKGROUND: There is a need to improve safe nursing care in nursing homes. Residents are often frail and vulnerable with extensive needs for nursing care. A relatively minor adverse event in nursing care can cause serious injury that could have been preventable.

    DESIGN: This was a retrospective study, with a total sample of data regarding adverse events (n = 173) in nursing homes, concerning nursing care reported by healthcare providers in Sweden to the Health and Social Care Inspectorate. The reports were analysed with content analysis, and the frequencies of the adverse events, and their contributing factors, were described with descriptive statistics.

    RESULTS: Medication errors, falls, delayed or inappropriate intervention and missed nursing care contributed to the vast majority (89%) of the serious adverse events. A total of 693 possible contributing factors were identified. The most common contributing factors were (i) lack of competence, (ii) incomplete or lack of documentation, (iii) teamwork failure and (iv) inadequate communication.

    CONCLUSIONS: The contributing factors frequently interacted yet they varied between different groups of serious adverse events. The resident's safety depends on the availability of staff's competence as well as adequate documentation about the resident's condition. Lack of competence was underestimated by healthcare providers.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Registered nurses and assistant nurses need to have awareness of contributing factors to adverse events in nursing care. A holistic approach to improve patient safety in nursing homes requires competence of the staff, safe environments as well as resident's and relative's participation.

  • 7.
    Axelsson, Lena
    et al.
    Sophiahemmet högskola; Karolinska Institutet.
    Klang, Birgitta
    Karolinska institutet.
    Lundh Hagelin, Carina
    Sophiahemmet högskola; Karolinska institutet.
    Jacobson, Stefan H
    Danderyds sjukhus; Karolinska institutet.
    Gleissman, Sissel Andreassen
    Sophiahemmet högskola; Danderyds sjukhus; Karolinska institutet.
    Meanings of being a close relative of a family member treated with haemodialysis approaching end of life2015In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 24, no 3-4, p. 447-56Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe and elucidate the meanings of being a close relative of a severely ill family member treated with maintenance haemodialysis approaching the end of life.

    BACKGROUND: End-stage renal disease together with comorbidities, haemodialysis treatment and high mortality rates also affects the lives of close relatives, who report burdens and impaired quality of life. To improve care, more understanding is needed of close relatives' experiences during these patients' end of life.

    DESIGN: This study has a qualitative interpretative design.

    METHODS: Fourteen retrospective qualitative interviews were conducted with close relatives (aged 48-93 years) of deceased patients who had been treated with haemodialysis. The interview text was interpreted using a phenomenological hermeneutical method in three phases.

    RESULTS: The findings of the structural analysis were formulated as six themes: Striving to be supportive and helpful without doing harm to the ill person's self; Needing increasing strength and support; Balancing the will to help with one's own ongoing life; Increasing responsibility involving dilemmas; Striving for a good life together in the present and Living with awareness of death.

    CONCLUSIONS: Close relatives strive for balance and well-being accompanying their ill family member through the end of life. They are facing moral dilemmas and growing demands as their responsibility increases with the deterioration of their family member. Support from and interaction with the healthcare professionals is then of significance.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Findings challenge healthcare professionals in haemodialysis settings to identify close relatives' individual resources and needs towards the patients' end of life. Healthcare professionals in haemodialysis settings need to offer close relatives opportunities to talk about the future and what may be expected at end of life, with or without haemodialysis. They should also contact the closest relative after the death as they may need confirmation and closure.

  • 8.
    Axelsson, Lena
    et al.
    Sophiahemmet högskola, Karolinska institutet.
    Randers, Ingrid
    Sophiahemmet högskola, Karolinska institutet.
    Lundh Hagelin, Carina
    Sophiahemmet högskola, Karolinska institutet.
    Jacobson, Stefan H
    Karolinska institutet, Danderyds sjukhus.
    Klang, Birgitta
    Karolinska institutet.
    Thoughts on death and dying when living with haemodialysis approaching end of life.2012In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 21, no 15-16, p. 2149-59Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To describe inner thoughts and feelings relating to death and dying when living with haemodialysis approaching end of life.

    BACKGROUND: Patients who undergo maintenance haemodialysis suffer a significant symptom burden and an impaired quality of life. The high mortality rate in these patients indicates that about one-fourth of them are in their last year of life, suggesting the presence of death and dying in the haemodialysis unit.

    DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive design was used. Methods.  A total of 31 qualitative interviews were conducted with eight patients (aged 66-87) over a period of 12 months. Qualitative content analysis was used to analyse data.

    RESULTS: The analysis revealed 10 subthemes that were sorted into three main themes. Being aware that death may be near comprises being reminded of death and dying by the deteriorating body, by the worsening conditions and deaths of fellow patients, and by knowing haemodialysis treatment as a border to death. Adapting to approaching death comprises looking upon death as natural, preparing to face death, hoping for a quick death and repressing thoughts of death and dying. Being alone with existential thoughts comprises a wish to avoid burdening family, lack of communication with healthcare professionals and reflections on haemodialysis withdrawal as an hypothetic option.

    CONCLUSIONS: Living with haemodialysis approaching, the end of life involves significant and complex existential issues and suffering, and patients are often alone with their existential thoughts.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses and other healthcare professionals in haemodialysis settings need to combine technical and medical abilities with committed listening and communication skills and be open to talking about death and dying, with sensitivity to individual and changeable needs.

  • 9.
    Bergdahl, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research.
    Wikström, Britt-Maj
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Andershed, Birgitta
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research.
    Esthetic abilities: a way to describe abilities of expert nurses in palliative home care.2007In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 16, no 4, p. 752-60Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: The aim of this paper is to focus on the abilities needed to create the caring relation in palliative home care and to find ways to describe these abilities and skills from an esthetic perspective. BACKGROUND: Nurses in Palliative home care have to create a functioning relationship between themselves the patient and the patient's next of kin, this puts special demands on the nurse. A number of abilities, such as creativity, intuition, empathy and self-knowledge are mentioned in literature related to the caring relation. Many nursing theorists have referred to the art and esthetic of nursing when trying to describe these abilities. METHODS: Data were collected using semi-structured interviews with eight expert nurses in palliative home care. The transcribed interviews were analysed using qualitative content analyses. FINDINGS: Three main categories where found: The will to do good, Knowledge and Perceptiveness. Subcategories that can be seen as abilities where found in the main categories knowledge and perceptiveness. CONCLUSIONS: The main categories can be seen as expressions for abilities, personal qualities and skills needed to create the caring relation in palliative home care. We found interesting connections between the three main categories and the concepts of esthetics, ethics and science. We also found that nurses develop in a way, i.e. similar to an artist. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The concepts brought forward in this paper could be used in clinical supervision and education as well as in clinical practice. If nurses think about the three aspects: Knowledge, the will to do good and perceptiveness, the chance for a positive relation between the nurse and the patient, and the patient's next of kin might increase. One could speculate that perceptiveness is a vital ability in order to achieve the expert level of nursing and that this perspective should be taken in consideration when recruiting nurses and in curriculum development.

  • 10. Blomberg, Karin
    et al.
    Sahlberg-Blom, Eva
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research.
    Closeness and distance: a way of handling difficult situations in daily care.2007In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 16, no 2, p. 244-54Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to describe how care team members caring for patients with advanced cancer describe how they handle difficult situations in daily care. In this paper 'difficult situations' refers to those situations team members themselves describe as difficult. BACKGROUND: Serious illness and impending death involve great changes in a person's life. The care of patients with advanced cancer is complex and many different factors influence each care situation. This places demands on the way care team members handle problems and difficulties in daily care. DESIGN: Qualitative descriptive study. METHODS: The study is based on 16 focus group discussions with care team members who were caring for patients with advanced cancer at three different care units in two Swedish cities. The focus group discussions included 77 participants. The procedure for data analysis was inspired by the phenomenological method. FINDINGS: The results show that care team members handled difficult situations by balancing between being close and distancing themselves. In most situations their choice of strategy seemed spontaneous rather than being a conscious decision, although it was sometimes described as a more conscious approach. Variations of closeness and distance that were identified were Identity, Meaning, Limit-setting and touching, Prioritization, the Team and the Organization. These could also be seen as tools that could facilitate or impede the use of closeness and distance. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that care team members have a need to reflect over daily care and to become aware of what governs different care actions. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: If the experienced difficult situation is not handled in a way that is beneficial to the care team member, patient and relatives, it is assumed that this can result in stress, burnout and, above all, non-optimal care.

  • 11. Boroujeni, Ali Zargham
    et al.
    Mohammadi, Rakhshandeh
    Oskouie, Sayede Fatemeh Haghdoost
    Sandberg, Jonas
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Iranian nurses' preparation for loss: finding a balance in end-of-life care.2009In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 18, no 16, p. 2329-36Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: To explore the nurse-patient interaction in terminally ill situations in acute care, focusing on the nurses' preparation for loss. BACKGROUND: Caring for dying patients can be a distressing and sometimes even threatening experience for nurses. Despite the vast body of literature on nurse/patient interaction and the quality of end-of-life care, few studies focus specifically on nurses' experience. DESIGN: A grounded theory approach was used to explore nurses' interaction with dying patients and their families and examine how nurses deal with situations in which the patient's death is inevitable. METHOD: Eighteen nurses were interviewed up to three times each at three teaching hospitals in Isfahan, Iran, during autumn 2006. A shortlist of possible participants was obtained by means of theoretical sampling and those who had experienced the death of patients and were able to express their feelings verbally were selected. RESULTS: The results clarified a core consideration: striking a balance between restorative and palliative care, information and hope, expectations and abilities and intimacy and distance. CONCLUSION: Attaining a balance in caring for dying patients is a major challenge to nurses: it concerns not only their interactions with patients and their families, but also their perceptions of themselves and their actions in end-of-life care. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: In end-of-life care, it is important for nurses to be able to change the focus of their care when the patient's condition is diagnosed as irreversible. They also need to be well equipped to maintain a balance, thereby preparing themselves for the patient's forthcoming death.

  • 12.
    Bos (Sparén), Elisabeth
    et al.
    Center for Family and Community Medicine, Huddinge, Sweden.
    Alinaghizadeh, Hassan
    Karolinska institutet.
    Saarikoski, Mikko
    University of Turku, Finland.
    Kaila, Päivi
    Karolinska institutet.
    Validating the 'clinical learning environment, supervision and nurse teacher' CLES+T instrument in primary healthcare settings using confirmatory factor analysis.2012In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 21, no 11-12, p. 1785-1788Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 13.
    Carlander (Goliath), Ida
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Enheten för forskning i palliativ vård.
    Sahlberg-Blom, Eva
    Örebro universitet.
    Hellström, Ingrid
    Linköpings universitet.
    Ternestedt, Britt-Marie
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Enheten för forskning i palliativ vård.
    The modified self: family caregivers' experiences of caring for a dying family member at home2011In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 20, no 7-8, p. 1097-1105Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: The aim of this study was to explore situations in daily life that challenge caregivers’ self-image when caring for a dying family member at home.

    Background: Caregiving affects the health and daily lives of family caregivers. Patterns of challenging situations may provide insight into the home caregiving experience, thus contributing to our understanding on the influence it has on the caregivers self-image.

    Design: Qualitative descriptive study.

    Methods: Ten family caregivers who cared for a dying family member at home with support from an advanced homecare team were interviewed 6-12 months after the death of the family member. The interviews were analysed with interpretive description.

    Result: Three patterns characterised the experiences of caregivers’ daily lives in caring for a dying family member at home: challenged ideals, stretched limits, and interdependency. These patterns formed the core theme, the modified self. Situations that challenged the caregivers’ self-image were connected to experiences such as “forbidden thoughts”, intimacy, and decreasing personal space.

    Conclusions: The caregivers met challenging situations in their daily lives that created a modified image of self. It is important to recognise the impact of caring for a dying family member at home.

    Relevance to clinical practice: The present study argues for supporting family caregivers to maximize their potential to handle the demanding everyday life with a dying family member at home. This study contributes to understanding situations in the home that may challenge caregivers’ self-image, and points out the importance of talking about caregiving experiences. From a clinical perspective the present study emphasizes the significance of creating a climate, which allows family caregivers to express thoughts and feelings. Sharing experiences such as “forbidden thoughts” can be one way of handling the profoundly changed every day life.

  • 14.
    Eilertsen, Grethe
    et al.
    Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway.
    Ormstad, Heidi
    Buskerud and Vestfold University College, Kongsberg, Norway.
    Kirkevold, Marit
    University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    Mengshoel, Anne Marit
    University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
    Söderberg, Siv
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Olsson, Malin
    Luleå tekniska universitet.
    Similarities and differences in the experience of fatigue among people living with fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis, ankylosing spondylitis and stroke2015In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 24, no 13-14, p. 2023-2034Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims and objectivesTo elucidate the experience of fatigue across several long-term illnesses, focusing on the similarities and differences.BackgroundFatigue is common to many long-term illnesses, but it has been studied mainly within the context of a single illness; qualitative studies comparing the experience and its impact on daily life across different long-term illnesses are lacking.DesignQualitative design.MethodsA secondary analysis was conducted of five original interview studies involving 95 persons with ankylosing spondylitis, fibromyalgia, multiple sclerosis or stroke.ResultsSimilarities and differences concerning experiences of fatigue were found across the studied long-term illnesses. All patients expressed the perception of having an unfamiliar body. Fatigue was also commonly expressed as unpredictable, uncontrollable and invisible to others. Differences were related to a constant versus a varying condition, a sudden and an uncontrollable sleepiness, a mutual reinforcement with pain and increased stress sensitivity. A lack of energy and a need for sleep and rest were common experiences, as was the impact on social relationships. There were also similarities regarding how the patients managed their daily life. The search for practical solutions and attitude adjustment differed with the fatigue characteristics. All patients felt a lack of understanding and disbelief from others.Conclusion and relevance to clinical practiceFatigue is commonly expressed by patients with long-term illnesses. Variations in experience are related to the type of diagnosis. The disparity between experiences influences how patients managed and adjusted to the conditions of everyday life. The illness-specific characteristics of fatigue warrant increased clinical awareness and may allow professionals to offer adequate information and establish effective methods of managing the condition. The feeling of invisibility and difficulty describing the experience of fatigue in particular highlights this need.

  • 15.
    Eivergård, Kristina
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Mittuniversitetet.
    Enmarker, Ingela
    Högskolan i Gävle.
    Livholts, Mona
    Helsinki University, Finland.
    Aléx, Lena
    Umeå universitet.
    Hellzén, Ove
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Disciplined into Good Conduct: Gender Constructions of Users in a Municipal Psychiatric Context in Sweden2021In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 30, no 15-16, p. 2258-2269Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine how gendered discursive norms and notions of masculinity and femininity were (re)produced in professional conversations about users of long-term municipality psychiatric care. Focus is on the staff's use of language in relation to gender constructions.

    BACKGROUND: Psychiatric care in Sweden has undergone tremendous changes in recent decades from custodian care in large hospitals to a care mainly located in a municipal context. People who need psychiatric care services often live in supporting houses. In municipal psychiatric care, staff conduct weekly professional meetings to discuss daily matters and the users' needs. Official reports of the Swedish government have shown that staff in municipal care services treat disabled women and men differently. Studies exploring gender in relation to users of long-term psychiatric care in municipalities have problematised the care and how staff, through language, construct users' gender. Therefore, language used by staff is a central tool for ascribing different gender identities of users.

    DESIGN: The content of speech derived from audio recordings were analysed using Foucauldian discursive analysis. The COREQ checklist was used in this article.

    RESULTS: The results indicate that by relying on gender discourses, staff create a conditional care related to how the users should demonstrate good conduct. In line with that, an overall discourse was created: Disciplined into good conduct. It was underpinned by three discourses inherent therein: The unreliable drinker and the confession, Threatened dignity, Doing different femininities.

    CONCLUSION: The community psychiatric context generates a discourse of conduct in which staff, via spoken language (re)produces gendered patterns and power imbalances as a means to manage daily work routines. Such practices of care, in which constant, nearly panoptic, control despite the intention to promote autonomy, urgently require problematising current definitions of good conduct and normality.

  • 16.
    Eivergård, Kristina
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Mittuniversitetet.
    Enmarker, Ingela
    Högskolan i Gävle.
    Livholts, Mona
    Helsingfors universitet, Finland.
    Aléx, Lena
    Umeå universitet.
    Hellzén, Ove
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Subordinated masculinities: A critical inquiry into reproduction of gender norms in handovers and rounds in a forensic psychiatric care.2020In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 29, no 21-22, p. 4227-4238Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To examine how gendered discursive norms and notions of masculinity are (re)produced in professional conversations about men cared for as patients in forensic psychiatric care, with a particular focus on the centrality of language and gender.

    BACKGROUND: During verbal handovers and ward rounds, care staff converse to share information about patients and make decisions about their mental status. Spoken language is thus a pivotal tool in verbal handovers and ward rounds, one able to reproduce discourses and gender norms.

    DESIGN: Qualitative. Data collected from audio recordings of verbal handovers and ward rounds in a forensic psychiatric clinic were subjected to discourse analysis. The COREQ checklist was used.

    RESULTS: While discussing patients, staff subordinated them by reproducing a discourse typical of heteronormative, family-oriented care. The overarching discourse, which we labelled subordinated masculinities, was supported by three other discourses: being unable to take responsibility, being drug-addicted and performing masculinity. Such discourse was identified as a disciplining practice that subordinate's patients as a means to maintain order, rules and gender norms.

    CONCLUSION: The study reveals a caring practice that position male patients as children or disabled individuals and, in that way, as subordinated other men within a context were staff reproduces a heteronormative family structured care. The process also reveals a practice were downplaying aggressive and deviant behaviour could disempower and reduce patients´ responsibility for personal actions and their possibilities to participate in their care. That finding especially seems to contradict previous findings that patients want to be able to act responsibly and, to that end, want care staff to help them.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Nurses need to deepen their understanding of how language (re)produces discursive norms of gender and masculinity in forensic care and that process's consequences for such care.

  • 17.
    Eriksson, Monica
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Svedlund, Marianne
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Couples' thoughts about and expectations of their future life after the patient's hospital discharge following acute myocardial infarction2010In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 19, no 23-24, p. 3485-3493Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To describe and interpret couples’ thoughts and expectations about their future life after the patient’s discharge following acute myocardial infarction [AMI].

    Background: An AMI is a challenge for both the patient and his/her partner, as it can disrupt family functioning and dynamics. Earlier research has generally focused on either the patient or the partner and few studies have explored the experiences of the couple.   

    Design: Qualitative descriptive and interpretative.

    Methods: 15 couples took part in individual interviews, 4-8 weeks after discharge. Data were analysed in two phases using qualitative content analysis.

    Results: The first phase of the analysis revealed two categories: ‘an active approach to the future’ and ‘a wait-and-see approach to the future’, both of which described the participants’ thoughts about the future. In the second phase, the couples’ stories were interpreted and grouped into four positions: ‘the life companions’, ‘the tightrope walkers’, ‘the pathfinders’ and ‘the observers’, which illustrated their visions of the future.

    Conclusions: Our results reveal differences in the couples’ thoughts about and expectations of their future life, most of them managed the situation by having a positive attitude to life and their future. The couples discovered their resources and compensated for or balanced each other in the early recovery period.

    Relevance to clinical practice: The results indicate the importance of giving both partners the opportunity to express their views of the situation, as this increases nurses’ understanding of the impact of the illness on their life and relationship. However, the results also highlight the significance of seeing the couple and showing them consideration both as individuals and as a unit.

  • 18.
    Eriksson-Liebon, Magda
    et al.
    Vrinnevisjukhuset, Norrköping; Linköpings universitet.
    Roos, Susanne
    Linköpings universitet.
    Hellström, Ingrid
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Linköpings universitet.
    Patients' expectations and experiences of being involved in their own care in the emergency department: A qualitative interview study2021In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 30, no 13-14, p. 1942-1952Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate patients' experiences of being involved in their care in the emergency department (ED).

    BACKGROUND: Previous research shows that when patients experience involvement during care visits, this increased their trust in the care, gave a sense of control and promoted their autonomy.

    DESIGN: A qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews, using the "Consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research" (COREQ) checklist.

    METHODS: Using convenience sampling, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 16 patients in the ED.

    RESULTS: The study identified four categories: attention and inattention; communication and understanding; varying levels of participation; and inefficient and inaccessible care. The results show that patients expected to be treated with respect and to be involved in an open dialogue about their care. Patients' experiences of participation were related to their sense of control.

    CONCLUSIONS: Based on the results of the study, the authors found that factors such as dialogue, information, attention and participation affected the patients' involvement during the ED visit. Experiences of involvement and control were linked to patients' experiences of care and of patients as individuals.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Healthcare providers' awareness of the importance of paying attention to the patient as an individual, and of the need for simple, continuous communication could facilitate patient involvement in own care.

  • 19. Gates, Bob
    Commentary on Strand ML, Benzein E & Saveman B-I (2004) Violence in the care of adult persons with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Clinical Nursing 13, 506-514.2005In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 14, no 7, p. 906-8; discussion 909Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 20.
    Gellerstedt, Linda
    et al.
    Sophiahemmet högskola; Karolinska institutet.
    Medin, Jörgen
    Sophiahemmet högskola; Röda korsets högskola.
    Kumlin, Maria
    Sophiahemmet högskola; Karolinska institutet.
    Rydell Karlsson, Monica
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Karolinska institutet.
    Nursing care and management of patients' sleep during hospitalisation: A cross-sectional study.2019In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 28, no 19-20, p. 3400-3407Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: To explore and describe how patients' sleep is addressed at acute-care hospitals in Sweden with regard to nursing care, management and the development of knowledge in this area.

    BACKGROUND: Sleep is a basic human need and thus important for health and health maintenance. Patients describe sleeping in hospital as a stressor, and research shows that nurses tend to underestimate patients' perceived problems with sleep during hospitalisation. How do nursing staff at acute hospitals address patients' sleep and the development of knowledge in this area?

    DESIGN/METHOD: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted based on data collected through a web survey. Head nurses, registered nurses, nursing care developers and local training supervisors at 36 randomised acute-care hospitals in Sweden were invited to participate. This study was executed and reported in accordance with SQUIRE 2.0.

    RESULTS: The results of the survey (53 responses from 19 wards at 15 acute-care hospitals) showed that no policy documents exist and no current training addresses sleep during hospital stay. All participants agreed that sleep should be considered a nursing topic and that it is important for hospitalised patients.

    CONCLUSION: Patients' sleep during hospitalisation is undermanaged at acute-care hospitals. Nurses, health care managers and organisations face challenges if they are to achieve better outcomes.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study shows that nurses do consider patients' sleep important and addressing sleep as part of nursing care. Future studies in the area should focus on what kinds of support and education are needed in the clinical context.

  • 21. Gustafsson, Christine
    et al.
    Asp, Margareta
    Fagerberg, Ingegerd
    Mälardalens högskola.
    Reflection in night nursing: a phenomenographic study of municipal night duty registered nurses’ conceptions of reflection2009In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 18, no 10, p. 1460-1469Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. The aim of the study was to describe nurses’ conception of reflection in their working situation. Background. To be a municipal night duty registered nurse in Sweden means to shoulder nursing care responsibility for numerous units with older people in need of care. Two night nurses share nursing care responsibility for up to 1300 people. In nursing research, reflection is an often-mentioned phenomenon discussed with advantages and benefits within the ‘traditional fields’ of nursing (hospital context). A question to ask is, how do night nurses having an untraditional amount of nursing care responsibility conceptualise and experience reflection in their working situation? Design. A phenomenographic methodology was used. Methods. Data were collected by interviewing all nurses ( n = 7) in a medium-sized municipality bordering a metropolitan area of Sweden. Results. The nurses’ conceptions of reflection are categorised as ‘Field of applications’ (an instrument for interpreting, a strategy for handling the working situation and an approach to learning) and ‘Field of prerequisites’ (presence facilitates reflection; flexibility implies reflection; courage in thought and activity increases reflection). Conclusion. The findings reveal that reflection in the nurses’ working situation is more than an instrument for learning, understanding and encouragement for change and improvement. Reflection is conceptualised as an instrument for interpreting nursing care situations, which requires courage and is facilitated by presence and flexibility. Reflection is also conceptualised as an approach to handling, managing and coping with a sometimes impossible working situation that includes nursing responsibility for hundreds of older people and can sometimes entail difficulties and stress. Relevance to clinical practice. The findings showed that reflection has a broader use than had earlier been described. Deliberate use of reflection could mean improved nursing practice. This guides nursing managers to pay attention to the phenomenon as an instrument for nursing care improvement.

  • 22. Gustafsson, Christine
    et al.
    Fagerberg, Ingegerd
    Mälardalens högskola.
    Reflection, the way to professional development?2004In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 13, no 3, p. 271-280Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Background. Many studies have focused on reflection and the advantages that can be gained from the practice of reflection among Registered Nurses (RNs) but, what are the implications of the nurses' reflections, what do they reflect about, and how do they deal with their reflections?

    Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to describe the RNs' experiences of reflection in relation to nursing care situations, and to understand how RNs use reflection in their daily work. What are the implications of the nursing care situations that the RNs' reflect upon? What consequences did the practice of reflection have in nursing care situations in relation to the RNs professional development?

    Design and method. The study was carried out with interviews and the phenomenographic method. Interviews were carried out with four RNs. The choice of informants was made with purposive sampling with the aim of finding informants who could bring the kind of knowledge that was necessary for the study.

    Results. The qualitative differences regarding the RNs' experiences of reflection were categorized as follows: to reflect (to think back – consider, mirroring, to reflect before and reflect after, to use experiences), nursing care situations (ethical considerations, to have courage, to use one's imagination, empathy) and consequences (to meet the unique, empathy, development). Finally, the findings were implicated in the model of professional development.

    Conclusion. By using reflection as a tool, many advantages can be gained in the development of nursing care. Encouraging RNs to reflect upon nursing situations, in order to promote the nurse's professional development, will imply better nursing care for the patients. The model for professional development implies a simplified representation of the thoughts pertaining to professional nursing development.

    Relevance to clinical practice. The relevance for clinical practice will be to understand the contents of the RNs reflections, to recognize the advantages of reflective practice and how and when to use such measures. Furthermore, to show how the model for professional development can be used in order to create a framework for evaluating these observations and consequently, for expressing tacit knowledge.

  • 23.
    Hagren, Birger
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Pettersen, Inga-Märta
    Severinsson, Elisabeth
    Lützén, Kim
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Clyne, Naomi
    Maintenance haemodialysis: patients’ experiences of their life situation2005In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 14, no 3, p. 294-300Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to examine how patients suffering from CKD on maintenance haemodialysis experience their life situation. The focus was on how treatment encroaches on time and space and how patients experience care. The rationale was that this knowledge is necessary to provide professional support that takes into consideration a person's whole life situation.The experiences of patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) undergoing maintenance haemodialysis have been studied in many quantitative studies, which translate patients’ subjective experiences into objectively quantifiable data. However, there are few qualitative studies examining the experiences of these patients’ life situation and expressing their experiences within the context of a nursing and caregiver's perspective.Data were collected by interviews with 41 patients between the ages of 29 and 86 years who participated in the study. A content analysis was used to identify common themes that describe the patients’ experiences of their life situation.Three main themes were identified,‘not finding space for living’,‘feelings evoked in the care situation’ and,‘attempting to manage restricted life’. The first theme‘not finding space for living’ consisted of two sub-themes:‘struggling with time-consuming care’ and‘feeling that life is restricted’. The second theme‘feelings evoked in the care situation’ consisted of two sub-themes:‘sense of emotional distance’ and‘feeling vulnerable’.The patients in this study indirectly expressed an existential struggle, indicating that encroachment of time and space were important existential dimensions of CKD. The findings indicated that caregivers were not always aware of this inducing a sense of emotional distance and a sense of vulnerability in the patients.Caregivers in dialysis units have to consider haemodialysis patients’ experience of a sense of emotional distance in their relationship to caregivers. Nurses and doctors need to create routines within nursing practice to overcome this.

  • 24.
    Hansebo, Görel
    et al.
    Karolinska institutet.
    Kihlgren, M
    Carers' reflections about their video-recorded interactions with patients suffering from severe dementia.2001In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 10, no 6, p. 737-47Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Stimulated recall interviews were used in connection with carers' video-recorded interactions with patients suffering from severe dementia before, during and after a 1-year intervention involving supervision for individualized nursing care. The aim was to illuminate carers' reflections on their everyday life with the patients, and to find out if any changes took place across the intervention. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach was used in the analysis, which revealed that carers' reflections were focused on the carers themselves, on the patients, on context and on the work itself in the shared everyday life. After repeated stimulated recall interviews, together with supervision every month, an improvement in carers' ability to verbalize their reflections and an awareness and knowledge about their own influence on care quality were seen. The interdependence between carers and patients made it necessary for the carers to cope with many complicated here-and-now situations, and in their reflections the carers kept coming back to their efforts to maintain a sense of dignity for the patients as well as for themselves. Reflection through stimulated recall seems to be an important tool for carers in dementia care to facilitate understanding and to help them learn through lived experience, thus developing their skills in nursing care.

  • 25.
    Hansebo, Görel
    et al.
    Karolinska institutet.
    Kihlgren, Mona
    Carers' interactions with patients suffering from severe dementia: a difficult balance to facilitate mutual togetherness.2002In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 11, no 2, p. 225-36Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    1. A phenomenological-hermeneutic approach was used to illuminate carers' video-recorded interactions in connection with supervision for individualized nursing care. 2. In order to disclose any changes in the carers' interactions with patients suffering from severe dementia the video recordings were conducted before, during and after the intervention. 3. The content of the videos was transcribed as a text, mainly verbal communication. Due to the rich data the videos and text were kept together as a whole in every step of the analysis. 4. After an initial naïve understanding, different subthemes emerged in the structural analyses: promoting competence, struggling for co-operation, deep communication for communion, showing respect for the unique person, skills in balancing power, distance in a negative point of view, and fragmentary nursing situations. 5. The overall theme was 'Carers' balancing in their interactions, verbal as well as non-verbal, to promote a sense of mutual togetherness with the patient'. 6. The supervision intervention contributed to an improvement in carers' skills in balancing in their interactions. In the caring process carers' and patients' shared experiences and, due to patients' disabilities, interactions depended mainly on carers' qualities and capabilities for this confirming nursing care.

  • 26.
    Hedman, Ragnhild
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Karolinska institutet; Sophiahemmet högskola.
    Sandman, Per-Olof
    Karolinska institutet; Umeå universitet.
    Edvardsson, David
    Umeå universitet; La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia.
    Enacting person-centred care in home care services for people with dementia2022In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 31, no 11-12, p. 1519-1530Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To develop the theoretical understanding of the process of providing person-centred home care for people with dementia.

    BACKGROUND: People with dementia are increasingly cared for at home by family members and home care staff. Care of people with dementia should be person-centred; however, little is known about how home care staff understand and enact person-centred care in their daily work.

    DESIGN: Grounded theory.

    METHODS: Home care staff (n = 29) were recruited from home care services specialised in providing care for people with dementia. Group interviews were conducted, and a tentative theoretical model for providing person-centred home care to people with dementia was outlined. Nine of the participants were then individually interviewed to further develop the model. The analysis was conducted parallel to the data collection, and hypotheses concerning the evolving theoretical model were continuously tested in the following interviews. The COREQ checklist for qualitative studies was used in reporting the study.

    RESULTS: Person-centred home care of people with dementia was conceptualised as a series of processes: Getting ready, getting in, giving care, getting out and finalising the story, each with subprocesses. Theatre metaphors were used to describe how the care was provided. A core process, Enacting and re-enacting familiarity, was at centre in all processes.

    CONCLUSIONS: In the person-centred care of people with dementia, familiarity had to be established and continuously fostered. When familiarity was in place, the care recipient and the home care staff acted as a team to perform the care. The theoretical works of Goffman were used to interpret the results.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The study provides a model for person-centred care of people with dementia at home that deepens the understanding of its processes, prerequisites and outcomes. The model can inform education and administration of home care for people with dementia.

  • 27.
    Hellzén, Ove
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet & Umeå universitet.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    Mittuniversitetet & University of Tromsø, Norway.
    Gilje, Fredricka
    Umeå universitet & University of North Dakota, Grand Forks, ND, USA.
    Sandman, Per-Olof
    Umeå universitet.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Umeå universitet.
    From optimism to pessimism: A case study of a psychiatric patient1998In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 360-370Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article focuses on the results of a single case study which illuminates an understanding of phases in nursing care for a patient in a psychiatric setting in Sweden. The focus of this study is a fifty year old man who showed progressive deterioration from increased motor activity to oral, sexual, destructive and aggressive actions. The data collection using five methods occurred during a 21 months period. Results of the content analyses processes identified four distinct but indiscreet phases of the patient’s complex condition. The medical and nursing care was categorised in three approaches: optimistic, strategic and resigned. The results raise the question whether there is action that is without any meaning as an expression of the patient´s wishes, thoughts and feelings. It seems clear that the patient in this study felt really angry and in despair. However, during moments of lucidity, he also indicated that he felt this was not an authentic expression of his "real" self. His experience was that of a splintered world.

  • 28.
    Hellzén, Ove
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    Mittuniversitetet, Institutionen för hälsovetenskap.
    Sandman, Per-Olof
    Umeå universitet.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Umeå universitet.
    Unwillingness to be violated: Carers' experiences of caring for a person acting in a disturbing manner. An interview study1999In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 8, no 6, p. 653-662Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Carers working in psychiatric care are sometimes exposed to insane, unpredictable and violent actions. In rare cases a patient appears to be resistant to all forms of pharmacological treatment. · Fifteen carers (4 RNs, 11 ENs) on a psychiatric ward in Sweden were interviewed about their experiences when caring for a person who acted in a disturbing manner. Narrative interviews were conducted and interpreted using a method inspired by Ricoeur. · Four themes were formulated which describe the carers’ uncertainty about the future, their inability to interpret the patient’s disturbing behaviour and their own overall feeling of meaninglessness. · Carers believed that the patient had power and ruled the ward, which led to them feeling they were subjugated victims. Interviews also revealed the carers’ recognition of forbidden feelings and actions and own unknown negative sides. · These results were interpreted and reflected on in the light of an ethical framework in order to achieve a deeper understanding of the text. · This paper shows that an ethical perspective is important when searching for the meaning of caring for patients acting in a disturbing manner. The study raises the question: ‘Is it possible to establish good when evil has dominion?

  • 29.
    Henoch, Ingela
    et al.
    Karolinska Institutet, Göteborgs universitet, Bräcke Diakoni, Göteborg.
    Lövgren, Malin
    Högskolan Dalarna, Stockholms Sjukhem.
    Wilde-Larsson, Bodil
    Karlstad universitet, Hedmark University College, Norge.
    Tishelman, Carol
    Karolinska Institutet, Stockholms Sjukhem.
    Perception of quality of care: Comparison of the views of patients' with lung cancer and their family members.2012In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 21, no 3-4, p. 585-594Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To explore potential differences within dyads of patients' with lung cancer and family members' judgment of different aspects of quality of care and relationships between quality of care and personal and health-related characteristics.

    BACKGROUND: High quality of care is important for acceptable quality of life in patients in palliative care. If patients are unable to participate in quality of care assessments or decision-making, family members might often act as proxies, despite the complicated nature of their own situation.

    DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey design.

    METHOD: A patient and family member version of the abbreviated questionnaire Quality from Patients' Perspective, with additional items about perceived health and opinions about care, was mailed to members of the Swedish lung cancer Patient Organisation. Wilcoxon's signed rank test was used to identify potential differences within 51 patient-family member dyads' quality of care ratings. Relationships between Quality from Patients' Perspective dimensions and demographic and health-related variables were examined with Spearman's correlations.

    RESULTS: Patient-family member dyads had high levels of agreement in ratings of perceived reality of quality of care. Family members generally rated the subjective importance of individual items higher than did the patient in the dyad, with significant difference in the dimension 'socio-cultural approach'. Older patients were found to rate the physical-technical conditions higher than younger patients, in relation to perceived reality but not subjective importance. Women family members were found to rate the subjective importance of medical-technical competence, identity-oriented approach and socio-cultural approach significantly higher than men did.

    CONCLUSIONS: Patients with lung cancer and their family members agree in ratings of the perceived reality, but they differ more in ratings of the subjective importance of quality of care. When patients are unable to communicate their preferences, family members' opinions could be used as proxies concerning concrete aspects of quality of care. Concerning more subjective aspects, family members' ratings should be interpreted with precaution, as it could diverge from patients' own opinion.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The perceptions of the importance of different aspects of quality of care were less related to health status than were judgments of quality of care received. This might suggest that the care patients received fulfilled neither the patients' nor family members' expectations, which is an important message to healthcare professionals and which would demand further exploration.

  • 30.
    Häggström, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Högskolan i Gävle; Karolinska institutet.
    Skovdahl, Kirsti
    Karolinska institutet; Örebro universitet.
    Fläckman, Birgitta
    Högskolan i Gävle; Karolinska institutet.
    Kihlgren, Annica Larsson
    Karolinska institutet; Örebro universitet.
    Kihlgren, Mona
    Karolinska institutet; Örebro universitet.
    To feel betrayed and to feel that you are betraying the older residents: caregivers' experiences at a newly opened nursing home2004In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 13, no 6, p. 687-696Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    BACKGROUND: In Sweden and internationally, little research has focused on the working situation of Enrolled Nurses and Nurses' Aides who form the majority of workers in geriatric care today. With this in mind, it is important to focus on how these occupational groups experience their working situation with older residents in municipal care.

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate the deeper meaning of work satisfaction and work dissatisfaction at a newly opened nursing home for older residents. The study focused on the narratives supplied by the caregivers at the nursing home. The participants included: one Registered Nurse, sixteen Enrolled Nurses, and three Nurses' Aides. All were directly involved in patient care.

    DESIGN: The present study is part of a larger longitudinal study within the municipal geriatric care system in Sweden, with a quasi-experimental design.

    METHOD: The interviews were analysed with a phenomenological-hermeneutic method inspired by the philosophy of Ricoeur.

    RESULT: The caregivers experiences of work satisfaction and work dissatisfaction was expressed in four themes: (i) 'Experience of betrayal' describes how the staff felt let down in several ways; (ii) 'Experience of failing others' describes how the staff felt that they did not pay enough attention to older people, in several different ways; (iii) 'Experience of insufficiency' describes how the staff encountered overwhelming demands from several directions; (iv) 'Experience of work satisfaction' describes how the staff felt that they were given support in various ways. Each theme emerged from several subthemes that originated from the caregivers' narratives.

    CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the caregivers' experience of work dissatisfaction overshadows their experience of work satisfaction. It also suggests that their feelings of failing the older residents are connected to their own experiences of feeling betrayed.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The findings can be used when other nursing homes in municipal care are opened, as a means of preventing work dissatisfaction and increasing work satisfaction among future employees.

  • 31.
    Häggström, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Högskolan i Gävle; Karolinska institutet.
    Skovdahl, Kirsti
    Karolinska institutet; Örebro universitet .
    Fläckman, Birgitta
    Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Högskolan i Gävle; Karolinska institutet.
    Kihlgren, Annika L
    Karolinska institutet; Örebro universitet.
    Kihlgren, Mona
    Karolinska institutet; Örebro universitet.
    Work satisfaction and dissatisfaction: caregivers' experiences after a two-year intervention in a newly opened nursing home2005In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 9-19Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to investigate, from the narratives of nine enrolled nurses and one nurses' aide directly involved in patient care, the deeper meaning of work satisfaction and dissatisfaction when working with the older people.

    BACKGROUND: Both nationally and internationally, there is little research documented regarding the working situation of the enrolled nurses and nurses' aides who make up the majority of care for older people today. With this in mind, it is important to focus on how these occupational groups experience their work with the older residents in municipal care, following a two-year intervention.

    DESIGN: The study is part of a larger longitudinal study, with a quasi-experimental design within the municipal system of care for older people in Sweden. The investigation was carried out following a two-year intervention, which included: education, support and clinical supervision.

    METHOD: The interviews were performed 12 and 24 months after start of the intervention and were analysed with a phenomenological-hermeneutic method inspired by Ricoeur's philosophy.

    RESULTS: The findings from these narratives illustrated a change compared with the findings from the first interviews, when the nursing home had just opened. There was a shift from a dominance of dissatisfaction with work, to a dominance of work satisfaction and this was expressed in the following themes: experience of a changed perspective, experience of open doors, and experience of closed doors. Each theme emerged from several different subthemes and each subtheme that had been expressed in the caregivers' narratives was interpreted.

    CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that the caregivers' experience of work satisfaction in the workplace exceeded their experience of dissatisfaction and that the intervention, consisting of: education, support, and supervision might have facilitated this positive development where the older residents were prioritized. It also shows that communication and understanding between management and staff had increased as the nursing home had opened.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The findings can be used to help to prevent work dissatisfaction, and thereby increase work satisfaction for caregivers working in nursing homes.

  • 32.
    Høgsnes, Linda
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet, Östersund.
    Danielson, Ella
    Mittuniversitetet, Östersund.
    Norbergh, Karl-Gustaf
    Mittuniversitetet, Sundsvall.
    Melin-Johansson, Christina
    Mittuniversitetet, Östersund; Göteborgs universitet.
    Healthcare professionals' documentation in nursing homes when caring for patients with dementia in end of life: A retrospective records review2016In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 25, no 11-12, p. 1663-1673Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To investigate how end-of-life care was described by healthcare professionals in records of deceased persons affected by dementia who had lived in Swedish nursing homes.

    BACKGROUND: In the final stage of dementia disease, the persons are often cared for at nursing homes and they often die there. The research concurs that a palliative approach to end-of-life care is essential but there are still some limitations regarding research about what constitutes the end-of-life care provided to persons affected by dementia in Sweden.

    DESIGN: Descriptive qualitative method with a retrospective approach.

    METHOD: Nursing records (n = 50) and medical records (n = 50) were retrospectively reviewed in two nursing homes. The analysis was conducted using deductive and inductive content analysis. Three phases of The Liverpool Care Pathway; Initial assessment, Continuous assessment and Follow-up, were used deductively to first sort the text in the records, then the text in each phase was further analysed with inductive content analysis. Four categories and 11 subcategories described the content in the records.

    RESULTS: The end-of-life care was described in the healthcare records based on such categories as decision-making, participation and communication, assessment and prevention of symptom and following up after the residents had died.

    CONCLUSION: Paticularly, physical symptoms were documented and, to a lesser degree, psychological or existential/spiritual needs.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Healthcare professionals must have a holistic view of the person affected by dementia during the end-of-life care and, according to this study, more focus must be placed on their psychosocial and existential needs in the documentation of end-of-life care.

  • 33.
    Johansson, Gunilla
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Andersson, Lars
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Gustafsson, Barbro
    Sandahl, Christer
    Between being and doing – the nature of leadership of first-line nurse managers and registered nurses2010In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 19, no 17/18, p. 2619-2628Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims and objectives. The aim of this study was to describe first-line nurse managers’ (F-LNMs) and subordinate registered nurses’ (RNs) conceptions and experiences of their routine work and how leadership was exercised. Background. Extensive changes in health care organisations have had a powerful impact on leadership in nursing management. Nursing leadership, in turn, has an affect on both the quality of care and the subordinates’ work environment. Therefore, it is important to enhance our understanding of current leadership in nursing management. Design. This is a descriptive qualitative study carried out in three units at three Swedish hospitals. Methods. Three F-LNMs and 14 RNs participated. Interviews were used to collect data. The interviews were analysed using qualitative content analysis. Results. The result of this study was illustrated in one main theme referred to in this study as between being and doing. The RNs and F-LNMs described what it was to be a good professional (being), how they were engaged in creating a good work climate (doing) and personal outcomes of this project (gaining). Conclusion. The reciprocal relation between being and doing, which can be described as the development of virtues, was a central point in the professional work of the F-LNMs and RNs. The development of virtues is also a strategy to attain the goals of nursing and establish a work climate that motivates staff and improves performance. Relevance to clinical practices. The implication for nursing management is to create ample space to develop strategies and knowledge about how leadership in nursing management can stimulate the development of a common perspective of good care and professional virtues appropriate for health care praxis.

  • 34.
    Johansson, Gunilla
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Pörn, Ingmar
    Theorell, Töres
    Gustafsson, Barbro
    A first-line nurse managers goal-profile2007In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 16, no 1, p. 149-159Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim. The aim of this case study was to acquire understanding concerning the first-line nurse manager's goal-profile, i.e. prioritization of goals in her work as a first-line nurse manager, through use of an action-theoretic and confirmatory theory. Background. The first-line nurse manager's pivotal role regarding quality of care and development in relation to on-going changes in the health care sector is stressed by many researchers and the transition from nurse to manager is described as a demanding challenge for the first-line nurse manager. Methods. The case study described in this paper concerns a first-line nurse manager in an actual working environment in care of older people. Data collection comprised interviews, observations, a job description and policy documents. A hermeneutic interpretation was used for data analysis. Results. The results showed that the first-line nurse manager had three goals in her goal-profile, in the following order of priority: (i) a nurse goal that she had strongly accepted and in which she had excellent control, (ii) an administrator goal that she had accepted and in which she had control, (iii) a leadership goal that she had not accepted and in which she did not have control. Both the administrator and leadership goals were based on her job description, but the nurse goal was a personally chosen goal based on her own self-relation/goal-fulfilment. Conclusion. The first-line nurse manager's prioritized self-identity, based on successful realization of goals in her goal-profile, was decisive in the manifestation of her work. Relevance to clinical practice. This study contributes to a new understanding of the first-line nurse manager's self-identity related to work in terms of goal acceptance and goal control of prioritized goals. This action-theoretic approach could be a valuable ‘key’ for understanding leadership (or lack of leadership) in clinical practice.

  • 35. Juthberg, Christina
    et al.
    Eriksson, Sture
    Norberg, Astrid
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research. Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Sundin, Karin
    Stress of conscience and perceptions of conscience in relation to burnout among care-providers in older people.2008In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 17, no 14, p. 1897-906Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: The aim was to study the relationship between conscience and burnout among care-providers in older care, exploring the relationship between stress of conscience and burnout, and between perceptions of conscience and burnout. BACKGROUND: Everyday work in healthcare presents situations that influence care-providers' conscience. How care-providers perceive conscience has been shown to be related to stress of conscience (stress related to troubled conscience), and in county council care, an association between stress of conscience and burnout has been found. METHOD: A questionnaire study was conducted in municipal housing for older people. A total of 166 care-providers were approached, of which 146 (50 registered nurses and 96 nurses' aides/enrolled nurses) completed a questionnaire folder containing the stress of conscience questionnaire, the perceptions of conscience questionnaire and the maslach burnout inventory. Multivariate canonical correlation analysis was used to explore relationships. RESULT: The relationship between stress of conscience and burnout indicates that experiences of shortcomings and of being exposed to contradictory demands are strongly related to burnout (primarily to emotional exhaustion). The relationship between perceptions of conscience and burnout indicates that a deadened conscience is strongly related to burnout. CONCLUSION: Conscience seems to be of importance in relation to burnout, and suppressing conscience may result in a profound loss of wholeness, integrity and harmony in the self. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: The results from our study could be used to raise awareness of the importance of conscience in care.

  • 36. Kihlgren, Annica Larsson
    et al.
    Fagerberg, Ingegerd
    Mälardalens högskola.
    Skovdahl, Kirsti
    Kihlgren, Mona
    Referrals from home care to emergency hospital care: basis for decisions2003In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 12, no 1, p. 28-36Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish government implemented a reform, the Adel reform, in the care of older citizens in 1992, so that the communities where older people live became responsible for their care and housing. Nurses were appointed to make sure that older people were given accurate care and to act as supervisors for nurses' aides. In this study, 10 Registered Nurses from community home care services and four consultant head physicians in primary care were interviewed in order to illuminate what they thought influenced nurses' decisions to refer patients for emergency treatment and what support they requested to facilitate the decision. Content analysis showed the necessity of feeling secure in one's role as a community nurse. The categories that developed were: own competence, knowledge about the patient and a supportive working environment. The main theme was To feel safe in one's role – a basis for decision-making. High demands were put on the nurses' competence and their burden of responsibility became too great. This influenced decision-making negatively, if nurses felt that they were lacking in their own personal competence. Training in documentation for the nurses was required, as well as the need for organizations to provide staff with sufficient time for accurate documentation. A greater input of nursing and medical care was required to make it possible for patients to be cared for at home if they so wished. Respondents described considerable deficiencies in their working environment and in co-workers' competence, and nurses' professional roles within the community were not made clear. If these problems were remedied, this would improve working conditions, increase understanding, and reduce feelings of uncertainty among decision-makers.

  • 37.
    Kneck, Åsa
    et al.
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Karolinska institutet.
    Eriksson, Lars E.
    Karolinska institutet; Karolinska universitetsjukhuset; School of Health Sciences, City University, London, United Kingdom.
    Lundman, Berit
    Umeå universitet.
    Fagerberg, Ingegerd
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Karolinska institutet.
    Encumbered by vulnerability and temporality: the meanings of trigger situations when learning to live with diabetes2016In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 25, no 19-20, p. 2874-2883Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to illuminate the meanings of trigger situations experienced in everyday life when learning to live with diabetes.

    BACKGROUND: Adults become active learners when faced with situations they do not know how to manage, triggering a need to understand something in a different way than before. Knowing more about experiential learning for persons living with diabetes is important for understanding how learning can be supported by health care.

    DESIGN: A life-world approach with a phenomenological hermeneutical method, inspired by the philosophy of Paul Ricoeur.

    METHODS: This method was used for interpreting transcriptions of interviews and consists of three stages: naïve understanding, structural analysis and a comprehensive understanding. Participants (n = 13), with either type I or type II diabetes, were interviewed on three different occasions over a three-year period after being diagnosed with diabetes.

    RESULTS: When learning to live with diabetes, the meanings of trigger situations were described as 'the unpredictable body heightens insecurity with awareness of one's own dependability', 'losing control in unsustainable situations' and 'encumbered by vulnerability and temporality in earlier familiar situations'.

    CONCLUSION:The meanings of trigger situations were to lose the smooth, unreflected way of managing an everyday life situation, interlaced with feelings of lost control of how to live with new insights of being vulnerable. Trigger situations meant an opportunity for learning, as well as being demanding, unplanned and with limited freedom of choice. Trigger situations presented life and body as unpredictable.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: If healthcare professionals can identify the worries and questions raised in trigger situations, knowledge gaps can be identified and reflected on to stimulate learning.

  • 38. Lindahl, Elisabeth
    et al.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research. Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Söderberg, Anna
    The meaning of living with malodorous exuding ulcers.2007In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 16, no 3A, p. 68-75Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIM: This study illuminates the meaning of living with malodorous, exuding ulcers. BACKGROUND: Difficulties for patients with chronic ulcers and the ulcers' impact on patients' daily life are described in the literature. Suffering and consolation are also addressed in the literature as important issues in nursing care. DESIGN: The first author interviewed seven women and two men, aged 41-95, with various diagnoses. METHOD: We interpreted the transcribed interviews using a phenomenological hermeneutic method. RESULTS: Two processes were identified: 'being struck down'- themes: feeling dirty, being trapped, losing confidence, losing hope, becoming frustrated and protecting oneself; and 'finding consolation'- themes: experiencing kinship, encountering genuineness and gaining control. The meaning of living with malodorous and exuding ulcers can be understood as being trapped in a debilitating process that slowly strikes one down. There is a longing for purity and wholeness and for one's life to improve. When people with malodorous, exuding ulcers encounter genuineness and feel loved, regarded and respected as fully human despite their ulcers, they feel purified. The contaminated body no longer contaminates their self-image and self-esteem and they feel restored and fully human again. Only when they feel fully human can they regain control and see life beyond their ulcers. CONCLUSION: Although nurses cannot make ulcers or smell disappear, they can contribute significantly to improve the patients' life. Finding consolation makes patients feel purified despite their contaminated body. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: This study points to the importance of seeing the human being beyond the ulcer and considering not only the body but the whole person.

  • 39. Löfmark, A
    et al.
    Carlsson, M
    Wikblad, K
    Student nurses' perception of independence of supervision during clinical nursing practice.2001In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 10, no 1, p. 86-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purposes of this longitudinal study were to examine Swedish student nurses' perceptions of independence and to explore to what extent the students had had opportunities to practise different tasks during clinical practice. Data were collected on weekly self-assessment forms during the first and final clinical courses of a 3-year nursing programme for 60 and the remaining 48 students, respectively. The majority of the students rated themselves as being independent of supervision to a great extent both at the beginning and throughout the clinical courses. Some students reported no or few opportunities to practise certain tasks during both courses. Factors that may have influenced the students' perception of independence are discussed, such as preparation before the clinical courses and the importance students gave to certain tasks. Clinical practice should be carefully planned and individualized to facilitat students' opportunities to practise different tasks.

  • 40. Mamhidir, Anna-Greta
    et al.
    Karlsson, Ingvar
    Norberg, Astrid
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research. Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences.
    Mona, Kihlgren
    Weight increase in patients with dementia, and alteration in meal routines and meal environment after integrity promoting care.2007In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 16, no 5, p. 987-96Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS: To follow weight changes in patients with moderate and severe dementia and analyse how these changes related to biological and psychological parameters after staff education and support in integrity promoting care. A further aim was to describe meal environment and routines relative to the intervention. BACKGROUND: Weight loss in patients with dementia and in particular Alzheimer's disease is common. The aetiology appears multifactorial with the meal environment and a decreased independence while eating among the factors. METHOD: Over a three-month intervention period, an integrity-promoting care training programme was conducted with the staff of a long-term ward. Alzheimer's disease patients, 18 from an intervention ward and 15 from a control ward were included and possible effects were evaluated. Weighing was conducted at the start and after completion of the intervention. Weight changes were analysed in relation to psychological and biochemical parameters. In addition, the staff wrote diaries about, for example changes made in the environment and in their work. RESULTS: The most prominent difference observed was weight increases in 13 of 18 patients compared with two of 15 patients in the control ward. No weight changes were related to the type of dementia. The individual weight changes correlated significantly to changes in the intellectual functions. Relationships between weight change, increased motor function and increased appetite were non-significant. There was no significant relationship between weight changes and changes in biochemical parameters. According to the staff, increased contact with the patients and a more pleasant atmosphere resulted when the meal environment and routines were changed. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: Weight gain in patients with moderate and severe dementia was achieved by adjusting the meal environment to the individual's needs. Staff education was profitable, as increased competence seemed to promote individually adapted feeding situations. Ensuring good meal situations need to be given high priority.

  • 41.
    Melin-Johansson, Christina
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Palmqvist, Rebecca
    Region Jämtland Härjedalen, Östersund, Sweden.
    Rönnberg, Linda
    Department of Nursing Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Östersund, Sweden.
    Clinical intuition in the nursing process and decision-making-A mixed-studies review.2017In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 26, no 23-24, p. 3936-3949Article, review/survey (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: To review what is characteristic of registered nurses' intuition in clinical settings, in relationships and in the nursing process.

    BACKGROUND: Intuition is a controversial concept and nurses believe that there are difficulties in how they should explain their nursing actions or decisions based on intuition. Much of the evidence from the body of research indicates that nurses value their intuition in a variety of clinical settings. More information on how nurses integrate intuition as a core element in daily clinical work would contribute to an improved understanding on how they go about this. Intuition deserves a place in evidence-based activities, where intuition is an important component associated with the nursing process.

    DESIGN: An integrative review strengthened with a mixed-studies review.

    METHODS: Literature searches were conducted in the databases CINAHL, PubMed and PsycINFO, and literature published 1985-2016 were included. The findings in the studies were analysed with content analysis, and the synthesis process entailed a reasoning between the authors.

    RESULTS: After a quality assessment, 16 studies were included. The analysis and synthesis resulted in three categories. The characteristics of intuition in the nurse's daily clinical activities include application, assertiveness and experiences; in the relationships with patients' intuition include unique connections, mental and bodily responses, and personal qualities; and in the nursing process include support and guidance, component and clues in decision-making, and validating decisions.

    CONCLUSION: Intuition is more than simply a "gut feeling," and it is a process based on knowledge and care experience and has a place beside research-based evidence. Nurses integrate both analysis and synthesis of intuition alongside objective data when making decisions. They should rely on their intuition and use this knowledge in clinical practice as a support in decision-making, which increases the quality and safety of patient care.

    RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: We find that intuition plays a key role in more or less all of the steps in the nursing process as a base for decision-making that supports safe patient care, and is a validated component of nursing clinical care expertise.

  • 42.
    Norbergh, Karl-Gustaf
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet & Umeå universitet.
    Hellzén, Ove
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Sandman, Per-Olaf
    Umeå universitet.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    Mittuniversitetet & University of Tromsø, Norway.
    The relationship between organisational climate and the content of daily life for people with dementia living in group-dwelling2002In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 11, no 2, p. 237-246Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    One factor influencing the outcome of care may be nursing staff's experience of the organizational work climate. The aim of the study was to investigate how people with dementia spend their time in group-dwelling units (GD) with either a creative or less creative organizational climate. 2. For the study, two GD units assessed as having a creative organizational climate and two units assessed as having a less creative climate were selected. Eighteen residents living in the units assessed as creative and 20 residents living in the units assessed as less creative participated in the study. 3. For measuring the organizational climate the Creative Climate Questionnaire was used. Observations of residents' activities were classified according to the Patient Activity Classification. For measuring residents' functional ability the Multi-Dimensional Dementia Assessment Scale was used. Their cognitive capacity was measured with the Mini Mental State Examination. 4. Residents living in the units assessed as having a creative organizational climate spent 45.2% of the time with nursing staff, while those in the less creative climate spent 25.6% (P < 0.001). Time spent with fellow residents in the creative climate was 13.9% and in the less creative climate 31.3% (P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the units according time spent with relatives and time spent alone. 5. Since the purpose of GD is to offer care adapted to the abilities and psychosocial needs of people suffering from dementia, a less creative climate can be a threat to the aims of GD. In order to maintain these, it is important for managers to be aware of the work climate and its impact on care for people with dementia.

  • 43.
    Norinder, Maria
    et al.
    Marie Cederschiöld University, Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, PRC. Capio Palliative Care, Dalen Hospital, Stockholm.
    Axelsson, Lena
    Department of Nursing Science, Sophiahemmet University, Stockholm.
    Årestedt, Kristofer
    Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Linnaeus University, Kalmar; Department of Research, Region Kalmar County, Kalmar.
    Grande, Gunn
    Division of Nursing, Midwifery & Social Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
    Ewing, Gail
    Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge, United Kingdom.
    Alvariza, Anette
    Marie Cederschiöld University, Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, PRC. Stockholms Sjukhem, Research and Development Unit/Palliative Care, Stockholm.
    Enabling professional and personal growth among home care nurses through using the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention: An interpretive descriptive study2023In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 32, no 13-14, p. 4092-4102Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aim: To explore nurses' experiences of supporting family caregivers in specialised home care while learning to use the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention.

    Background: The Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention can provide guidance for discussions with family caregivers in specialised home care concerning their specific support needs. Little attention has been paid to how nurses experience the use of the intervention in their everyday practice.

    Design: This longitudinal study adopted an inductive qualitative approach using inter-pretive description.

    Methods: Interviews were conducted at two time points. A total of 22 interviews took place with 12 nurses recruited from six specialised home care services. Data were analysed using interpretive description.

    Results: Nurses' everyday clinical practice changed while learning to use the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention, and they experienced professional and personal growth. Their supportive inputs shifted from being reactive towards being more proactive. Their approach changed from taking on great professional responsi-bility, towards a shared responsibility with family caregivers. The support altered from ad hoc contacts in the hallway, towards scheduled trustful conversations. Nurses were concerned about the amount of time and energy this kind of support might require. They pointed to the importance of holding good nursing skills to conduct this new way of having conversations.

    Conclusion: Nurses' everyday clinical practice can be further developed through the use of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention. Nurses may develop both professionally and personally, increasing their ability to provide person-centred support.

    Relevance to Clinical Practice: With the use of the Carer Support Needs Assessment Tool Intervention, nurses can create trusting conversations with family caregivers of patients with life-threatening illnesses cared for in specialised home care.

    Reporting Method: Reporting of the study follows the Consolidated Criteria For Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) checklist (File S1).

    Patient or Public Contribution: Participating nurses were involved in discussing the study design.

  • 44.
    Normann, Hans Ketil
    et al.
    University of Tromsø, NO.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    University of Tromsø, NO.
    Karlsson, Stig
    Umeå universitet.
    Sandman, Per-Olof
    Umeå universitet.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Umeå universitet.
    People with severe dementia exhibit episodes of lucidity: A population-based study2006In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 15, no 11, p. 1413-1417Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims and objectives.  To describe frequency and characteristics of people with severe dementia who according to care providers, exhibit ELs in a population of those with dementia in institutional care.

    Background.  There are reports in the literature concerning episodes when the resident unexpectedly says or acts in a way that surprises the care provider because the resident seems to be much more aware of her/his situation than usual. This is labelled ‘episodes of lucidity’ (ELs).

    Design.  The study is based on data from a point prevalence study from institutions for the older people in northern Sweden in May 2000.

    Methods.  Out of 3804 residents, assessed by key care providers, by means of the Multi-Dimensional Dementia Assessment Scale (MDDAS) with questions about ELs added, 92 residents were found to have severe dementia and difficulties with verbal communication. The key care providers’ competence in assessing severe dementia was not evaluated. An ethics committee approved the study.

    Results.  Fifty-two residents (57%) were assessed as exhibiting ELs. Residents who showed ELs had higher orientation scores and expressed more emotions than residents who did not show ELs. More residents who exhibited ELs took outdoor walks with their care providers exhibited ELs than those who did not (P = 0·001).

    Conclusions.  Every second resident with severe dementia and difficulties with verbal communication showed ELs.

    Relevance for clinical practice.  The fact that every second resident with severe dementia and difficulties with verbal communication showed ELs and that this was noticed especially when care providers took outdoor walks with the residents imply that closer contact between care providers and residents with severe dementia could change the care providers’ expectations and enhance communication between the parties.

  • 45.
    Normann, Hans Ketil
    et al.
    University of Tromsø, Norway.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Umeå universitet.
    Attitudes of Registered Nurses towards patients with severe dementia1999In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 8, no 4, p. 353-359Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Meeting the needs and wishes of people with severe dementia is difficult and demanding for carers, and a number of approaches can be used in encounters with dementia sufferers. The aim of this study was to explore how registered nurses in a northern Norwegian county thought about approaching people with severe dementia. A patient case was used as a vignette, followed by a questionnaire with 13 sets of statements, each set containing two alternative approaches (one reality orientation approach and one personhood focused approach). In 12 out of the 13 sets of statements the reality orientation alternative was usually chosen, but responses to the statement regarding the meaning of confusion tended more towards the personhood focused approach. RNs with more than the basic education and staff nurses working in a team nursing system, chose the personhood focused approach significantly more often than RNs with no post-basic education and nurses working in a primary nursing system. The article discusses how reflection on daily experiences can improve one's ability to reflect on one's own experiences and encourage a personhood focused approach. Working in a team means gaining opportunities to reflect together with coworkers, while working in a primary nursing care system might afford fewer such opportunities.

  • 46.
    Normann, Hans Ketil
    et al.
    University of Tromsö, NO.
    Henriksen, Nils
    University of Tromsö, NO.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of palliative care research. Ersta Sköndal University College, Department of Health Care Sciences. Umeå universitet.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    University of Tromsö, NO.
    Lucidity in a woman with severe dementia related to conversation: a case study2005In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 14, no 7, p. 891-6Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to explore the presence of lucidity in a woman with severe dementia during conversations and whether it occurred when conversational partners or the woman with severe dementia initiated the conversation topics about the present, past or future time and whether she was presented with support or demands during the conversation. BACKGROUND: Communication problems as well as episodes of lucidity in people with dementia are reported in the literature. DESIGN: A researcher held 20 hours of conversation with a woman with severe dementia. A daughter participated for about three and a half hours. The conversation was tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim. METHODS: The text was divided into units of analysis. Each unit of analysis was then assessed separately and discussed among the authors. Chi-square tests and logistic regression analysis were performed. An ethics committee approved the study. RESULTS: The woman as initiator of the conversation topic and support to the women during conversation from the conversation partner were found to be the most significant factors explaining lucidity, while conversation about the present or past time showed no connection with lucidity. Very few topics (n = 7) concerned future time and they were not used in the statistical analysis. The researcher initiated 41%, the woman 43% and the daughter 16% of the topics. Support was registered in 49%, demands in 15% and both support and demands in 16% of the units of analysis. There were 58% topics about present and 40% about the past time. CONCLUSIONS: The presented study is a case study and the results cannot be generalized. For the woman with severe dementia, lucidity was promoted by the conversational parties carefully focusing on conversation topics initiated by the woman while supporting her during conversation. RELEVANCE TO CLINICAL PRACTICE: To share the same perception of reality, focusing on the topics initiated by the patient with severe dementia and a supporting attitude to what the patient tells, will hopefully give more episodes of lucidity in the patient. This approach in caring for patients with severe dementia might give more meaning and well-being to the conversational partners in daily care.

  • 47.
    Oelschlägel, Lina
    et al.
    Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Norway; University of Oslo, Norway.
    Christensen, Vivi L.
    University of South-Eastern Norway, Norway.
    Moen, Anne
    University of Oslo, Norway.
    Heggdal, Kristin
    VID Specialized University, Norway.
    Österlind, Jane
    Marie Cederschiöld University, Department of Health Care Sciences, Palliative Research Centre, PRC.
    Dihle, Alfhild
    Oslo Metropolitan University, Norway.
    Steindal, Simen A.
    VID Specialized University, Norway; Lovisenberg Diaconal University College, Norway.
    Patients' experiences with a welfare technology application for remote home care: A longitudinal study2023In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 32, no 17-18, p. 6545-6558Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Aims  and  Objectives: To explore the longitudinal experiences using an application named remote home care for remote palliative care among patients with cancer living at home.

    Background: Introducing welfare technology in home- based care for patients with cancer in the palliative phase is internationally suggested as a measure to remotely support palliative care needs. However, little is known about the experiences of patients utilising welfare technology applications to receive home-based care from healthcare professionals in a community care context. Although living with cancer in the palliative phase often presents rapidly changing ailments, emotions and chal-lenges with patients' needs changing accordingly, no studies exploring the longitudinal experiences of patients were found.

    Design: A qualitative study with a longitudinal, exploratory design.

    Methods: Data were collected through individual interviews with 11 patients over 16 weeks. The data were analysed using qualitative content analysis. The COREQ checklist guided the reporting of the study.

    Results: Three themes were identified: (1) potential to facilitate self- governance of life-limiting illness in daily life, (2) need for interpersonal relationships and connections, and (3) experiences of increased responsibility and unclear utility of the Remote Home Care.

    Conclusion: The results showed that remote home care facilitated patients' daily routines, symptom control and improved illness- management at home. Interpersonal relationships with healthcare professionals were considered pivotal for satisfactory follow-up. Infrastructural glitches regarding data access, information sharing and lack of continuous adjustments of the application represented major challenges, with the potential to impose a burden on patients with cancer in the palliative phase.

    Relevance to Clinical Practice: By exploring the experiences of patients in palliative care over time as the disease progresses, this study provides constructive insights for the design and development of welfare technology applications and optimal care strategies.

    Patient or Public Contribution: The remote home care was developed by interdisciplinary healthcare professionals.

  • 48.
    Paulson, Margareta
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Umeå universitet.
    Söderberg, Siv
    Luleå universitet.
    Living in the shadow of fibromyalgic pain: the meaning of female partners' experiences.2003In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 12, no 2, p. 235-243Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study was to elucidate the meaning of being a female partner living with a man with fibromyalgic pain. Fourteen partners were interviewed about the meaning of their experiences, using a narrative approach. A phenomenological hermeneutic method, inspired by the French philosopher Ricoeur, was used to interpret the interview text. The structural analysis is presented in three major themes: struggling to give support and comfort, struggling to keep going on, and experiencing lack of understanding and support. The findings elucidate that the meaning of living with a man with fibromyalgic pain meant living a life strongly influenced by the man's illness and in the shadow of the man's pain. Taking daily life for granted was interrupted and restricted family and social life. Prominent in this study was the frustration partners felt as a result of men's reluctance to communicate. This led to feelings of being excluded from men's emotions. The responsibility day in and day out meant that women's own caring and tenderness were replaced, which brought about an almost constant sense of fatigue. Women became drained by the long duration of men's illness. This gave them a feeling of being alone, although they were a couple. Gaining comfort outside the family helped partners to reach a new insight and appreciation for life, which was viewed from a renewed perspective. This involved feelings of both togetherness and separateness in the relationship. The findings also consider the lack of support from the health care system for female partners living with men with fibromyalgic pain.

  • 49.
    Pejlert, Anita
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet & Umeå universitet.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    Mittuniversitetet & University of Tromsø, Norway.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Umeå universitet.
    Towards recovery: living in a home-like setting after the move from a hospital ward1999In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 8, no 6, p. 663-674Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Six clients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were interviewed about their experiences of their lives in a home-like setting, their key care provider and the care received. Their narratives of lived experiences in care were interpreted as living a process of health in the midst of severe mental illness, involving: 'becoming more', 'being disabled', 'comforting/conforming relationship', 'discomforting/unconfirming relationship' and 'caring about the caring relationship'. Fatigue and lack of strength influenced the lives of most clients considerably, and the stories were about problems and conflicts. Nevertheless, the clients seemed really to struggle to make communal life work, and there were experiences of increased competence and better self-confidence in most of the stories. On the whole care was described as good, and the process of health seemed to be supported by experiences of comfort and being confirmed in the client-care provider relationship.

  • 50.
    Pejlert, Anita
    et al.
    Mittuniversitetet & Umeå universitet.
    Norberg, Astrid
    Umeå universitet.
    Asplund, Kenneth
    Mittuniversitetet & University of Tromsø, Norway.
    From a psychiatric ward to a home-like setting: the meaning of caring as narrated by nurses2000In: Journal of Clinical Nursing, ISSN 0962-1067, E-ISSN 1365-2702, Vol. 9, no 5, p. 689-700Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study presents interviews with nurses 1 and 2 years after they moved to a home-like setting, compared with results from interviews with nurses before their move. A phenomenological hermeneutic perspective inspired by Ricoeur guided the study. The interviews focused on the meaning of their work, including their view of the client as a person and the care they provide. The meaning of caring was interpreted in terms of the following themes: 'being free and entrusted with the task of caring makes a difference'; 'sharing the activities of everyday life is a natural way of being together'; 'providing a warm, open and supportive eating atmosphere', 'sharing the client's everyday world with compassion and love, glimpsing possibilities'; and 'dealing with limiting circumstances in care, the lack of "homeliness"'. Findings suggest a transformation in the view of care that reveals itself in increased closeness in the client-carer relationship and a change in values. The narratives revealed a caring atmosphere, valuing the client as well as the carer. The same questions guided all interviews, allowing developments to be followed. The carer and the interviewer thus became increasingly familiar with the situation on each interview occasion and the possibility that this has influenced the study must be taken into consideration. However, the similarity between nurses' narratives validated their trustworthiness.

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